The Evolution of Pacifism

Key Insight

A deep, lifelong antipathy to violence was a core manifestation of a profound metaphysical insight, viewed by some as a nuanced spirituality rather than political naiveté. This stance was rooted in the conviction that war 'violated the sublime laws of the universe,' interfering with nature's course. The existence of military institutions, the training of youth for 'asocial purposes,' and the demoralizing effect of war preparations were considered incompatible with individual intellectual freedom and the dignity of free men, aligning with an instinctive feeling against cruelty and hatred.

This conviction led to a staunch defense of conscientious objectors, who were seen as a 'moral elite' rather than criminals, willing to endure punishment and social ostracism for refusing military service based on deep moral and religious beliefs. This culminated in the 'Two-Percent Speech' in December 1930, advocating for 'uncompromising war resistance' and refusal of military duty under any circumstances. The belief was that if just 2 percent of conscripts refused to fight, governments would be powerless, promoting nonparticipation in what was perceived as evil.

However, this absolute pacifism evolved into a 'realistic pacifism' in response to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the atrocities of the Nazi Reich. By 1935, while admiring Mahatma Gandhi, it was recognized that absolute nonviolence 'could not be carried out against the Nazi Party.' This shift, openly admitted, meant that 'principles are made for men and not men for principles,' justifying the use of force against an enemy 'unconditionally bent on destroying me and my people.' Although condemning the use of the atomic bomb against Japan, the decision was seen as beyond personal control, acknowledging the necessity of armed defense against existential threats while retaining a pacifist conviction.