Mechanisms of Power Generation Through Rule Breaking

Key Insight

Rule breaking, specifically violating social norms, causes others to perceive the rule-breaker as more powerful through a heuristic association. Powerful individuals are observed to act in ways that defy norms, such as smiling less, interrupting, and speaking louder, implying they are freer to disregard conventions. Experimental studies confirm this; for instance, individuals who took coffee from a public can or bent financial rules were rated 21% and significantly higher, respectively, in perceived power and volitional capacity compared to those who adhered to norms. Similarly, an actor displaying rude behavior, like putting feet on a chair and dropping ashes, was perceived as 29% more powerful than a polite counterpart. When norm violations go unsanctioned, they signal higher status and increase perceptions of power.

A key advantage of rule breaking is its element of surprise, which catches interaction partners off guard and prevents them from preparing a response. This surprise affects both cognition and emotion, causing a physical freeze for 1/25th of a second, followed by intense curiosity as people try to understand what is happening, thereby increasing attention. For example, Jason Calacanis, facing financial difficulties, secured admission to Fordham and later a higher-paying job earning $8 an hour compared to $3.50, by directly approaching the head of admissions and the dean without an appointment, surprising them into favorable action due to his unexpected audacity and drive. This heightened attention and lack of preparedness on the part of the norm-follower works to the rule-breaker's advantage.

The strategy of 'asking for forgiveness rather than permission' is highly effective because most people are conflict-averse and reluctant to confront rule-breakers, leading to less resistance than anticipated. Once an action is completed, it becomes a 'fait accompli,' making it difficult to undo, especially if it has already generated benefits. For instance, Christina Troitino organized a successful virtual charity event, MBA Battle Royale, raising $56000 within a month without prior approval. No one criticized her for this rule-breaking initiative because the positive outcomes, like raising money and providing a valuable experience, were already realized. Similarly, Robert Moses often began construction projects, like Hecksher State Park, prior to securing full permits or funding, understanding that physical reality is far harder to reverse than a hypothetical plan.